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Texture Format Guide (for developers)
This guide only covers TGA, PNG and JPEG formats since MBMs are (almost) never used in texture packs and I don't know much about them.

TGA (*.tga)

Vanilla (non-modded): not compressed; mipmaps
TextureReplacer: compressed (DXT1 or DXT5); mipmaps
Supports transparency.
No quality loss.
The fastest loading times (vanilla: no compression, TR: compressed once).
The largest size on disk.
Not suitable for UI icons since TGAs always have mipmaps.


PNG (*.png)

Vanilla: compressed (DXT5); no mipmaps
TextureReplacer: compressed (DXT1 or DXT5); mipmaps if included in `generateMipmaps` (should cover (almost) all model textures), no mipmaps otherwise (UI icons).
Supports transparency.
No quality loss.
Slower loading times (vanilla: compressed once, TR: compressed twice).
Smaller than TGA on disk but usually larger than JPEG.
Not suitable for model textures without TextureReplacer or ATM installed since they lack mipmaps.


JPEG (*.jpg)

Vanilla: compressed (DXT1); no mipmaps
TextureReplacer: compressed (DXT1); mipmaps if included in `generateMipmaps` (should cover (almost) all model textures), no mipmaps otherwise (UI icons).
No transparency.
Quality loss (depending on JPEG quality).
Slower loading times (vanilla: compressed once, TR: compressed twice).
Usually the smallest on disk.
Undesired for normal maps because of quality loss.
Not suitable for model textures without TextureReplacer or ATM installed since they lack mipmaps.


Normal maps (*NRM.tga, *NRM.png, *NRM.jpg)

Vanilla: not compressed; no mipmaps
TextureReplacer: not compressed; no mipmaps. Normal maps are unloaded immediately, so TextureReplacer cannot manipulate them. However, ATM can do that.


Clarifications

Texture compression reduces texture size to 1/6 (DXT1) or 1/4 (DXT5) in VRAM and also increases performance, since less data has to be transferred over the bus to the GPU. Because of quality loss, normal maps are often not compressed. Texture compression is a demanding process and drastically slows down texture loading.
When using 1/2, 1/4 etc. texture quality, mipmaps on all textures are shifted, so its 1st, 2nd etc. mipmap is used in place of the original texture. This works fine with models, but makes UI icons blurry. That's why UI images shouldn't have mipmaps.
TextureReplacer re-generates textures when building mipmaps. This means PNGs and JPEGs get compressed twice, first when Unity loads them and then when TextureReplacer rebuilds them with mipmaps. That's why TGAs are recommended for faster loading times.
During mipmap generation, TextureReplacer detects whether a texture has any transparent pixels, so DXT5-compressed PNGs may be re-compressed as DXT1.


Recommended texture formats

Vanilla: TGAs for model textures, PNGs for normal maps, PNGs or JPEGs for UI images.
With TextureReplacer or ATM: Any format for model textures, PNGs for normals maps, PNGs or JPEGs for UI images.

Сжатие текстур сокращает размер текстуры до 1/6 (DXT1) или 1/4 (DXT5) в видеопамяти, а также повышает производительность, так как меньше данных должно быть передано по шине в ГПУ. Сжатие текстур является сложной процесс и резко замедляется загрузка текстур.
TextureReplacer повторно генерирует текстуры при строительстве мипмапы. Это означает, PNG файлы и JPEG получить сжатие дважды, сначала Unity загружает их, а затем, когда TextureReplacer перестраивает их с мипмапов. Вот почему TGA рекомендуются для сокращения времени загрузки.
Во время MIPMAP генерации, TextureReplacer обнаруживает, имеет ли текстура любые прозрачные пиксели, поэтому DXT5 сжатые PNG файлов может быть повторно сжат в DXT1.

Рекомендуемые форматы текстур

Ваниль: TGA для модельных текстур, PNG файлов для нормалмап, формат PNG или JPEG для изображений пользовательского интерфейса.
С TextureReplacer или ATM: Любой формат для модельных текстур, PNG файлов для нормалей карт, в формате PNG или в формате JPEG для изображений пользовательского интерфейса.